I found the answer to your problem in Raspberry Pi Stack Exchange (Wifi Dongle not appearing in lsusb), you need to install youre wifi dongle's firmware.
Quoting the accepted answer:
From the dmesg output, you see that the driver r8188eu recognizes the
WiFi dongle, but cannot load firmware for it, since the firmware file
cannot be found.
The Raspberry Pi forum has two threads about getting these WiFi
devices to work under Raspbian.
Normally USB devices can be seen in the lsusb output even if a
suitable driver is not available. I believe the dongle did not show
up, because it is disconnected when the firmware is not found, as the
last two dmesg lines show.
I found that the regular Debian package firmware-realtek contains the
required file. This would be a clean and convenient way to get it, but
on my Raspbian I don't have this file, even though the package is
installed.
and here I found the one for my raspbian (#781)
and the firmware can be downloaded from here (just clic on "raw")