It is my first time Raspberry Pi use, I prepared the Raspbian OS on a USB memory, using Ethernet connection shared from a laptop, but it always failed by pinging or via putty. I tried with both: static and dynamic ip addresses following those tutorials : video tutorial 2nd tutorial
is the problem related to the first use using USB v2.0 memory (64Gb), is it necessary to setup just with SD card ?
"I do not have a keyboard neither a SD card to follow the standard methods"
You do not need either (although this makes the process more difficult).
You can use any storage; SD Card is preferred, but you can use a USB Flash drive.
To enable ssh you need to edit the boot drive. If you use the latest Raspberry Pi Imager there are advanced options, invoked by the magic key sequence: Ctrl-Shift-X. These enable you to set many initial options; hostname, password, ssh, WiFi Country Code etc during imaging. This should enable you to setup a headless system, without the need to edit any files.
"and connect the raspberry to laptop via ethernet cable and HDMI cable"
It is unclear what you have done; it is POSSIBLE to use an Ethernet cable, but this only gives limited ssh access. It is preferable to connect to your router, either by Ethernet or WiFi.
See How to set up networking/WiFi
Connecting a HDMI cable to the laptop will do nothing (except possibly damage either HDMI port) as these are output only.
Edit Now that you have indicated "using Ethernet connection shared from a laptop" you should know that you can have either ICS OR internet access, not both. Without a keyboard etc it is useless.
