In short, the Pi just stopped booting.
I looked at the boot screen, which displayes FAILED messages:
Failed to start Load Kernel Module
and keeps rebooting after
A start job is running for dev-mmcblk0p6
I can't even enter commands at this point.
I checked how the SD Card looks in an Linux File Reader in Linux.
Now, I've aquired enough skills to realize that this isn't how its supposed to be
The partitioning seems... off. By a lot.
Is there anything I can do to restore the Pi?
The illegible image is probably a NOOBS installation.
The error indicates something on partition 6 is not running.
This is probably caused by some file which has become corrupt.
If you have a backup you could try restoring from this.
Otherwise you should do a fresh installation - it is also advisable to use a new SD Card; these do wear out, and you should be able to recover your files from the old SD Card.
It is preferable to install Raspberry Pi OS rather than NOOBS, and if you REALLY need multiple OS on the one card use PINN
